Interpreter compatibility

How to configure which Python version(s) your project should use.

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Setting the default Python version

Configure your default Python interpreter compatibility constraints in pants.toml like this:

pants.toml

[python-setup]
interpreter_constraints = ["CPython==3.8.*"]

The value can be any valid Requirement-style strings. You can use multiple strings to OR constraints, and use commas within each string to AND constraints. For example:

Constraint	What it means
['CPython>=3.6,<4']	CPython 3.6+, but not CPython 4 or later
['CPython==3.7.3']	CPython 3.7.3
['PyPy']	any version of PyPy
['CPython==2.7.*', 'CPython>=3.5']	CPython 2.7 or 3.5+

As a shortcut, you can leave off CPython and just put the version specifier. For example, ==3.8 will be expanded automatically to CPython==3.8.

Using multiple Python versions in the same project

Pants also allows you to specify the interpreter compatibility for particular targets. This allows you to use multiple Python versions in the same repository, such as allowing you to incrementally migrate from Python 2 to Python 3.

Use the interpreter_constraints field on a Python target, like this:

BUILD

python_library(
    name="python2_target",
    interpreter_constraints=["==2.7.*"],
)

If interpreter_constraints is left off, the target will default to the value from the option interpreter_constraints in [python-setup].

Pants will merge the constraints from the target's transitive closure when deciding which interpreter to use, meaning that it will look at the constraints of the target, its dependencies, and the dependencies of those dependencies. For example:

• Target A sets interpreter_constraints==['2.7.*'].
• Target B sets interpreter_contraints=['>=3.5'], and it depends on Target A.
• When running ./pants package :b, Pants will merge the constraints to ['==2.7.*,>=3.5']. This is impossible to satisfy, so Pants will error.

This means that every dependency of a target must also be compatible with its interpreter constraints. Generally, you will want to be careful that python_library targets are compatible with multiple Python versions because they may be depended upon by other targets. Meanwhile, pex_binary and python_tests targets can have specific constraints because they are (conventionally) never dependencies for other targets. For example:

python_library(
   name="lib",
    # Library is compatible with Python 2.7 or 3.5+.
    interpreter_constraints=["==2.7.*", ">=3.5"]`,
)

pex_binary(
   dependences=[":lib"],
   entry_point="project.app:main",
   # When merged with the library's constraints, the final result will require `>=3.5`.
   interpreter_constraints=[">=3.5"],
)

Pants cannot validate that your interpreter constraints are accurate

Pants accepts your interpreter constraints at face value. If you use a constraint like '>=3.6', Pants will trust you that your code indeed works with any interpreter >= 3.6, as Pants has no way to audit if your code is actually compatible.

Instead, consider running your unit tests with every Python version you claim to support to ensure that your code really is compatible:

python_tests(
   name="util_test_py2",
   sources=["util_test.py"],
   interpreter_constraints=["==2.7.*"],
)

python_tests(
   name="util_test_py36",
   sources=["util_test.py"],
   interpreter_constraints=["==3.6.*"],
)

This quickly gets tedious to write in BUILD files, so we recommend defining a macro that will generate all the targets for you.

Tip: activate pants.backend.python.mixed_interpreter_constraints

We recommend adding pants.backend.python.mixed_interpreter_constraints to backend_packages in the [GLOBAL] scope, which will add the new goal py-constraints.

pants.toml

[GLOBAL]
backend_packages = [
  "pants.backend.python",
  "pants.backend.python.mixed_interpreter_constraints",
]

You can run ./pants py-constraints $file/$target to see what final interpreter constraints will be used, and why. For example:

$ ./pants py-constraints helloworld/main.py
Final merged constraints: CPython==2.7.*,>=3.5 OR CPython>=3.5

CPython>=3.5
    helloworld/main.py

CPython==2.7.* OR CPython>=3.5
    helloworld/util/__init__.py
    helloworld/util/config_loader.py
    helloworld/util/lang.py
    helloworld/util/proto/__init__.py:init
    helloworld/util/proto/config.proto

py-constraints --summary

You can run ./pants py-constraints --summary for Pants to generate a CSV giving an overview of your project's interpreter constraints:

Result of ./pants py-constraints --summary, then importing the CSV into Google Sheets.

We recommend then importing this CSV into a tool like Pandas or Excel to filter/sort the data.

The # Dependees column is useful to see how impactful it is to port a file, and the # Dependencies can be useful to see how easy it would be to port.

Tips for Python 2 -> Python 3 migrations

While every project will have different needs and scope, there are a few best practices with Pants that will allow for a more successful migration.

• Start by setting the interpreter_constraints option in [python-setup] to describe the status of the majority of your targets. If most are only compatible with Python 2, set it to ['==2.7.*']. If most are compatible with Python 2 and Python 3, set to ['==2.7', '>=3.5']. If most are only compatible with Python 3, set to [>=3.5]. For any targets that don't match these global constraints, override with the interpreter_constraints field.
• Run ./pants py-constraints --summary and sort by # Dependees from Z to A to find your most-used files. Focus on getting these targets to be compatible with Python 2 and 3. You may want to also sub-sort the CSV by # Dependencies to find what is easiest to port.
• Once >40% of your targets work with both Python 2 and Python 3, change the interpreter_constraints option in [python-setup] to specify compatibility with both Python 2.7 and Python 3 so that all new code uses this by default.
• For files with no or few dependencies, change them to Python 3-only when possible so that you can start using all the neat new Python 3 features like f-strings! Use the CSV from ./pants py-constraints --summary to find these. You can also do this if every "dependee" target works exclusively with Python 3, which you can find by the Transitive Constraints column and by running ./pants py-constraints path/to/file.py.

Check out this blog post on Pants' own migration to Python 3 in 2019 for more general tips on Python 3 migrations.

Changing the interpreter search path

Pants will default to looking at your $PATH to discover Python interpreters. You can change this by setting the option interpreter_search_paths in the [python-setup] scope.

You can specify absolute paths to interpreter binaries and/or to directories containing interpreter binaries. In addition, Pants understands some special symbols:

• <PATH>: read the $PATH env var
• <PYENV>: use all directories in $(pyenv root)/versions
• <PYENV_LOCAL>: the interpreter specified in the local file .python-version

For example:

pants.toml

[python-setup]
interpreter_search_paths = ["<PYENV>", "/opt/python3"]