pex_binaries
Generate a pex_binary target for each entry_point in the entry_points field.
This is solely meant to reduce duplication when you have multiple scripts in the same directory; it's valid to use a distinct pex_binary target for each script/binary instead.
This target generator does not work well to generate pex_binary targets where the entry point is for a third-party dependency. Dependency inference will not work for those, so you will have to set lots of custom metadata for each binary; prefer an explicit pex_binary target in that case. This target generator works best when the entry point is a first-party file, like app.py or app.py:main.
Backend: pants.backend.python
complete_platforms
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneThe platforms the built PEX should be compatible with.
There must be built wheels available for all of the foreign platforms, rather than sdists.
You can give a list of multiple complete platforms to create a multiplatform PEX, meaning that the PEX will be executable in all of the supported environments.
Complete platforms should be addresses of file targets that point to files that contain complete platform JSON as described by Pex (https://pex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/buildingpex.html#complete-platform).
dependencies
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneAddresses to other targets that this target depends on, e.g. ['helloworld/subdir:lib', 'helloworld/main.py:lib', '3rdparty:reqs#django'].
This augments any dependencies inferred by Pants, such as by analyzing your imports. Use pants dependencies or pants peek on this target to get the final result.
See https://www.pantsbuild.org/v2.18/docs/targets for more about how addresses are formed, including for generated targets. You can also run pants list :: to find all addresses in your project, or pants list dir to find all addresses defined in that directory.
If the target is in the same BUILD file, you can leave off the BUILD file path, e.g. :tgt instead of helloworld/subdir:tgt. For generated first-party addresses, use ./ for the file path, e.g. ./main.py:tgt; for all other generated targets, use :tgt#generated_name.
You may exclude dependencies by prefixing with !, e.g. ['!helloworld/subdir:lib', '!./sibling.txt']. Ignores are intended for false positives with dependency inference; otherwise, simply leave off the dependency from the BUILD file.
description
str | NoneNoneA human-readable description of the target.
Use pants list --documented :: to see all targets with descriptions.
emit_warnings
bool | NoneNoneWhether or not to emit PEX warnings at runtime.
The default is determined by the option emit_warnings in the [pex-binary-defaults] scope.
entry_points
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneThe entry points for each binary, i.e. what gets run when when executing ./my_app.pex.
Use a file name, relative to the BUILD file, like app.py. You can also set the function to run, like app.py:func. Pants will convert these file names into well-formed entry points, like app.py:func into path.to.app:func.
If you want the entry point to be for a third-party dependency or to use a console script, use the pex_binary target directly.
environment
str | None'__local__'Specify which environment target to consume environment-sensitive options from.
Once environments are defined in [environments-preview].names, you can specify the environment for this target by its name. Any fields that are defined in that environment will override the values from options set by pants.toml, command line values, or environment variables.
You can specify multiple valid environments by using parametrize. If __local__ is specified, Pants will fall back to the local_environment defined for the current platform, or no environment if no such environment exists.
execution_mode
'venv' | 'zipapp' | None'zipapp'The mode the generated PEX file will run in.
The traditional PEX file runs in a modified 'zipapp' mode (See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/) where zipped internal code and dependencies are first unpacked to disk. This mode achieves the fastest cold start times and may, for example be the best choice for cloud lambda functions.
The fastest execution mode in the steady state is 'venv', which generates a virtual environment from the PEX file on first run, but then achieves near native virtual environment start times. This mode also benefits from a traditional virtual environment sys.path, giving maximum compatibility with stdlib and third party APIs.
ignore_errors
boolFalseShould PEX ignore errors when it cannot resolve dependencies?
include_requirements
boolTrueWhether to include the third party requirements the binary depends on in the packaged PEX file.
include_sources
boolTrueWhether to include your first party sources the binary uses in the packaged PEX file.
include_tools
boolFalseWhether to include Pex tools in the PEX bootstrap code.
With tools included, the generated PEX file can be executed with PEX_TOOLS=1 <pex file> --help to gain access to all the available tools.
inherit_path
'fallback' | 'false' | 'prefer' | NoneNoneWhether to inherit the sys.path (aka PYTHONPATH) of the environment that the binary runs in.
Use false to not inherit sys.path; use fallback to inherit sys.path after packaged dependencies; and use prefer to inherit sys.path before packaged dependencies.
interpreter_constraints
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneThe Python interpreters this code is compatible with.
Each element should be written in pip-style format, e.g. CPython==2.7.* or CPython>=3.6,<4. You can leave off CPython as a shorthand, e.g. >=2.7 will be expanded to CPython>=2.7.
Specify more than one element to OR the constraints, e.g. ['PyPy==3.7.*', 'CPython==3.7.*'] means either PyPy 3.7 or CPython 3.7.
If the field is not set, it will default to the option [python].interpreter_constraints.
See https://www.pantsbuild.org/v2.18/docs/python-interpreter-compatibility for how these interpreter constraints are merged with the constraints of dependencies.
layout
'loose' | 'packed' | 'zipapp' | None'zipapp'The layout used for the PEX binary.
By default, a PEX is created as a single file zipapp, but either a packed or loose directory tree based layout can be chosen instead.
A packed layout PEX is an executable directory structure designed to have cache-friendly characteristics for syncing incremental updates to PEXed applications over a network. At the top level of the packed directory tree there is an executable __main__.py script. The directory can also be executed by passing its path to a Python executable; e.g: python packed-pex-dir/. The Pex bootstrap code and all dependency code are packed into individual zip files for efficient caching and syncing.
A loose layout PEX is similar to a packed PEX, except that neither the Pex bootstrap code nor the dependency code are packed into zip files, but are instead present as collections of loose files in the directory tree providing different caching and syncing tradeoffs.
Both zipapp and packed layouts install themselves in the $PEX_ROOT as loose apps by default before executing, but these layouts compose with execution_mode='zipapp' as well.
overrides
Dict[Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]], Dict[str, Any]] | NoneNoneOverride the field values for generated pex_binary targets.
Expects a dictionary mapping values from the entry_points field to a dictionary for their overrides. You may either use a single string or a tuple of strings to override multiple targets.
For example:
overrides={
"foo.py": {"execution_mode": "venv"]},
"bar.py:main": {"restartable": True]},
("foo.py", "bar.py:main"): {"tags": ["legacy"]},
}
Every key is validated to belong to this target's entry_points field.
If you'd like to override a field's value for every pex_binary target generated by this target, change the field directly on this target rather than using the overrides field.
You can specify the same entry_point in multiple keys, so long as you don't override the same field more than one time for the entry_point.
platforms
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneThe abbreviated platforms the built PEX should be compatible with.
There must be built wheels available for all of the foreign platforms, rather than sdists.
You can give a list of multiple platforms to create a multiplatform PEX, meaning that the PEX will be executable in all of the supported environments.
Platforms should be in the format defined by Pex (https://pex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/buildingpex.html#platform), i.e. PLATFORM-IMPL-PYVER-ABI (e.g. "linux_x86_64-cp-37-cp37m", "macosx_10.12_x86_64-cp-310-cp310"):
- PLATFORM: the host platform, e.g. "linux-x86_64", "macosx-10.12-x86_64".
- IMPL: the Python implementation abbreviation, e.g. "cp" or "pp".
- PYVER: a two or more digit string representing the python major/minor version (e.g., "37" or "310") or else a component dotted version string (e.g., "3.7" or "3.10.1").
- ABI: the ABI tag, e.g. "cp37m", "cp310", "abi3", "none".
Note that using an abbreviated platform means that certain resolves will fail when they encounter environment markers that cannot be deduced from the abbreviated platform string. A common example of this is 'python_full_version' which requires knowing the patch level version of the foreign Python interpreter. To remedy this you should use a 3-component dotted version for PYVER. If your resolves fail due to more esoteric undefined environment markers, you should switch to specifying complete_platforms instead.
resolve
str | NoneNoneThe resolve from [python].resolves to use.
If not defined, will default to [python].default_resolve.
All dependencies must share the same value for their resolve field.
resolve_local_platforms
bool | NoneNoneFor each of the platforms specified, attempt to find a local interpreter that matches.
If a matching interpreter is found, use the interpreter to resolve distributions and build any that are only available in source distribution form. If no matching interpreter is found (or if this option is False), resolve for the platform by accepting only pre-built binary distributions (wheels).
restartable
boolFalseIf true, runs of this target with the run goal may be interrupted and restarted when its input files change.
shebang
str | NoneNoneSet the generated PEX to use this shebang, rather than the default of PEX choosing a shebang based on the interpreter constraints.
This influences the behavior of running ./result.pex. You can ignore the shebang by instead running /path/to/python_interpreter ./result.pex.
strip_pex_env
boolTrueWhether or not to strip the PEX runtime environment of PEX* environment variables.
Most applications have no need for the PEX* environment variables that are used to control PEX startup; so these variables are scrubbed from the environment by Pex before transferring control to the application by default. This prevents any subprocesses that happen to execute other PEX files from inheriting these control knob values since most would be undesired; e.g.: PEX_MODULE or PEX_PATH.
tags
Iterable[str] | NoneNoneArbitrary strings to describe a target.
For example, you may tag some test targets with 'integration_test' so that you could run pants --tag='integration_test' test :: to only run on targets with that tag.
venv_hermetic_scripts
boolTrueIf execution_mode is "venv", emit a hermetic venv pex script and hermetic console scripts.
The venv pex script and the venv console scripts are constructed to be hermetic by default; Python is executed with -sE to restrict the sys.path to the PEX venv contents only. Setting this field to False elides the Python -sE restrictions and can be used to interoperate with frameworks that use PYTHONPATH manipulation to run code.
venv_site_packages_copies
boolFalseIf execution_mode is venv, populate the venv site packages using hard links or copies of resolved PEX dependencies instead of symlinks.
This can be used to work around problems with tools or libraries that are confused by symlinked source files.