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Version: 2.23 (prerelease)

test

Run tests with Pytest.

Pants uses the Pytest test runner to run Python tests. You may write your tests in Pytest-style, unittest-style, or mix and match both.

Benefit of Pants: runs each file in parallel

Each file gets run as a separate process, which gives you fine-grained caching and better parallelism. Given enough cores, Pants will be able to run all your tests at the same time.

This also gives you fine-grained invalidation. If you run pants test ::, and then you only change one file, then only tests that depended on that changed file will need to rerun.

Examples​

 # Run all tests in the repository.
❯ pants test ::

# Run all the tests in this directory.
❯ pants test helloworld/util:

# Run just the tests in this file.
❯ pants test helloworld/util/lang_test.py

 # Run just one test.
❯ pants test helloworld/util/lang_test.py -- -k test_language_translator

Pytest version and plugins​

To change the Pytest version, set the install_from_resolve option in the [pytest] scope. You may also add plugins including the plugins in the resolve:

pants.toml
[python.resolves]
pytest = "3rdparty/python/pytest-lock.txt"

[pytest]
install_from_resolve = "pytest"

Then, add a requirements.txt file specifying the version of pytest and other plugins:

pytest-requirements.txt
pytest>=5.4
pytest-django>=3.9.0,<4
pytest-rerunfailures==9.0

Finally, generate the relevant lockfile with pants generate-lockfiles --resolve=pytest. For more information, see Lockfiles for tools.

Alternatively, if you only want to install the plugin for certain tests, you can add the plugin to the dependencies field of your python_test / python_tests target. See Third-party dependencies for how to install Python dependencies. For example:

pytest-django==3.10.0

Controlling output​

By default, Pants only shows output for failed tests. You can change this by setting --test-output to one of all, failed, or never, e.g. pants test --output=all ::.

You can permanently set the output format in your pants.toml like this:

pants.toml
[test]
output = "all"
Tip: Use Pytest options to make output more or less verbose

See "Passing arguments to Pytest".

For example:

❯ pants test project/app_test.py -- -q

You may want to permanently set the Pytest option --no-header to avoid printing the Pytest version for each test run:

[pytest]
args = ["--no-header"]

Passing arguments to Pytest​

To pass arguments to Pytest, put them at the end after --, like this:

❯ pants test project/app_test.py -- -k test_function1 -vv -s

You can also use the args option in the [pytest] scope, like this:

pants.toml
[pytest]
args = ["-vv"]
Tip: some useful Pytest arguments

See https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/usage.html for more information.

  • -k expression: only run tests matching the expression.
  • -v: verbose mode.
  • -s: always print the stdout and stderr of your code, even if a test passes.
How to use Pytest's --pdb option

You must run pants test --debug for this to work properly. See the section "Debugging Tests" for more information.

Config files​

Pants will automatically include any relevant config files in the process's sandbox: pytest.ini, pyproject.toml, tox.ini, and setup.cfg.

conftest.py​

Pytest uses conftest.py files to share fixtures and config across multiple distinct test files.

The default sources value for the python_test_utils target includes conftest.py. You can run pants tailor :: to automatically add this target:

pants tailor ::
Created project/BUILD:
  - Add python_sources target project
  - Add python_tests target tests
  - Add python_test_utils target test_utils

Pants will also infer dependencies on any confest.py files in the current directory and any ancestor directories, which mirrors how Pytest behaves. This requires that each conftest.py has a target referring to it. You can verify this is working correctly by running pants dependencies path/to/my_test.py and confirming that each conftest.py file shows up. (You can turn off this feature by setting conftests = false in the [python-infer] scope.)

Setting environment variables​

Test runs are hermetic, meaning that they are stripped of the parent pants process's environment variables. This is important for reproducibility, and it also increases cache hits.

To add any arbitrary environment variable back to the process, you can either add the environment variable to the specific tests with the extra_env_vars field on python_test / python_tests targets or to all your tests with the [test].extra_env_vars option. Generally, prefer the field extra_env_vars field so that more of your tests are hermetic.

With both [test].extra_env_vars and the extra_env_vars field, you can either hardcode a value or leave off a value to "allowlist" it and read from the parent pants process's environment.

[test]
extra_env_vars = ["VAR1", "VAR2=hardcoded_value"]
Tip: avoiding collisions between concurrent pytest runs using env vars

Sometimes your tests/code will need to reach outside of the sandbox, for example to initialize a test DB schema. In these cases you may see conflicts between concurrent pytest processes scheduled by Pants, when two or more tests try to set up / tear down the same resource concurrently. To avoid this issue, you can set [pytest].execution_slot_var to be a valid environment variable name. Pants will then inject a variable with that name into each pytest run, using the process execution slot ID (an integer) as the variable's value. You can then update your test code to check for the presence of the variable and incorporate its value into generated DB names / file paths. For example, in a project using pytest-django you could do:

[pytest]
execution_slot_var = "PANTS_EXECUTION_SLOT"

Batching and parallelism​

By default, Pants will schedule concurrent pytest runs for each Python test file passed to the test goal. This approach provides parallelism with fine-grained caching, but can have drawbacks in some situations:

  • package- and session-scoped pytest fixtures will execute once per python_test target, instead of once per directory / once overall. This can cause significant overhead if you have many tests scoped under a time-intensive fixture (i.e. a fixture that sets up a large DB schema).
  • Tests within a python_test file will execute sequentially. This can be slow if you have large files containing many tests.

Batching tests​

Running multiple test files within a single pytest process can sometimes improve performance by allowing reuse of expensive high-level pytest fixtures. Pants allows users to opt into this behavior via the batch_compatibility_tag field on python_test, with the following rules:

  • If the field is not set, the python_test is assumed to be incompatible with all others and will run in a dedicated pytest process.
  • If the field is set and is different from the value on some other python_test, the tests are explicitly incompatible and are guaranteed to not run in the same pytest process.
  • If the field is set and is equal to the value on some other python_test, the tests are explicitly compatible and may run in the same pytest process.

Compatible tests may not end up in the same pytest batch if:

  • There are "too many" tests with the same batch_compatibility_tag, as determined by the [test].batch_size setting.
  • Compatible tests have some incompatibility in Pants metadata (i.e. different resolve or extra_env_vars).

Compatible tests that do end up in the same batch will run in a single pytest invocation. By default the tests will run sequentially, but they can be parallelized by enabling pytest-xdist (see below). A single success/failure result will be reported for the entire batch, and additional output files (i.e. XML results and coverage) will encapsulate all of the included Python test files.

Tip: finding failed tests in large batches

It can sometimes be difficult to locate test failures in the logging output of a large pytest batch. You can pass the -r flag to pytest to make this investigation easier:

❯ pants test :: -- -r

This will cause pytest to print a "summary report" at the end of its output, including the names of all failed tests. See the pytest docs here for more information.

The high-level pytest fixtures that motivate batched testing are often defined in a conftest.py near the root of your repository, applying to every test in a directory tree. In these cases, you can mark all the tests in the directory tree as compatible using the __defaults__ builtin:

BUILD
python_test_utils()

__defaults__({(python_test, python_tests): dict(batch_compatibility_tag="your-tag-here"),})
Caching batched tests

Batched test results are cached together by Pants, meaning that if any file in the batch changes (or if a file is added to / removed from the batch) then the entire batch will be invalidated and need to re-run. Depending on the time it takes to execute your fixtures and the number of tests sharing those fixtures, you may see better performance overall by setting a lower value for [test].batch_size, improving your cache-hit rate to skip running tests more often.

Parallelism via pytest-xdist​

Pants includes built-in support for pytest-xdist, which can be enabled by setting:

pants.toml
[pytest]
xdist_enabled = true

This will cause Pants to pass -n <concurrency> when running pytest. When this is set, pytest will parallelize the tests within your python_test file, instead of running them sequentially. If multiple python_tests are batched into the same process, pytest-xdist will parallelize the tests within all of the files - this can help you regain the benefits of Pants' native concurrency when running batched tests.

By default, Pants will automatically compute the value of <concurrency> for each target based on the number of tests defined in the file and the number of available worker threads. You can instead set a hard-coded upper limit on the concurrency per target:

BUILD
python_test(name="tests", source="tests.py", xdist_concurrency=4)

To explicitly disable the use of pytest-xdist for a target, set xdist_concurrency=0. This can be necessary for tests that are not safe to run in parallel.

Parallelism in multiple concurrent processes

Pants will limit the total number of parallel tests running across all scheduled processes so that it does not exceed the configured value of [GLOBAL].process_execution_local_parallelism (by default, the number of CPUs available on the machine running Pants). For example, if your machine has 8 CPUs and Pants schedules 8 concurrent pytest processes with pytest-xdist enabled, it will pass -n 1 to each process so that the total concurrency is 8.

It is possible to work around this behavior by marking all of your python_test targets as batch-compatible and setting a very large value for [test].batch_size. This will cause Pants to schedule fewer processes (containing more python_tests each) overall, allowing for larger values of -n <concurrency>. Note however that this approach will limit the cacheability of your tests.

When pytest-xdist is in use, the PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER and PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER_COUNT environment variables will be automatically set. You can use those values (in addition to [pytest].execution_slot_var) to avoid collisions between parallel tests (i.e. by using the combination of [pytest].execution_slot_var and PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER as a suffix for generated database names / file paths).

pytest-xdist and high-level fixtures

Use of pytest-xdist may cause high-level pytest fixtures to execute more often than expected. See the pytest-xdist docs here for more details, and tips on how to mitigate this.

Force reruns with --force​

To force your tests to run again, rather than reading from the cache, run pants test --force path/to/test.py.

Debugging Tests​

Because Pants runs multiple test targets in parallel, you will not see your test results appear on the screen until the test has completely finished. This means that you cannot use debuggers normally; the breakpoint will never show up on your screen and the test will hang indefinitely (or timeout, if timeouts are enabled).

Instead, if you want to run a test interactively—such as to use a debugger like pdb—run your tests with pants test --debug. For example:

def test_debug():
    import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
    assert 1 + 1 == 2

If you use multiple files with test --debug, they will run sequentially rather than in parallel.

Tip: using ipdb in tests

ipdb integrates IPython with the normal pdb debugger for enhanced features like autocomplete and improved syntax highlighting. ipdb is very helpful when debugging tests.

To be able to access ipdb when running tests, add this to your pants.toml:

[pytest]
extra_requirements.add = ["ipdb"]

Then, you can use import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace() in your tests.

To run the tests you will need to add -- -s to the test call since ipdb will need stdin and pytest will capture it.

❯ pants test --debug  <target>   -- -s
Tip: using the VS Code (or any DAP-compliant editor) remote debugger in tests
  1. In your editor, set your breakpoints and any other debug settings (like break-on-exception).
  2. Run your test with pants test --debug-adapter.
  3. Connect your editor to the server. The server host and port are logged by Pants when executing test --debug-adapter. (They can also be configured using the [debug-adapter] subsystem).

Run your test with pants test --debug as usual.

Tip: using the IntelliJ/PyCharm remote debugger in tests

First, add this to your pants.toml:

[pytest]
extra_requirements.add = ["pydevd-pycharm==203.5419.8"]  # Or whatever version you choose.

Now, use the remote debugger as usual:

  1. Start a Python remote debugging session in PyCharm, say on port 5000.
  2. Add the following code at the point where you want execution to pause and connect to the debugger:
import pydevd_pycharm
pydevd_pycharm.settrace('localhost', port=5000, stdoutToServer=True, stderrToServer=True)

Run your test with pants test --debug as usual.

Timeouts​

Pants can cancel tests which take too long. This is useful to prevent tests from hanging indefinitely.

To add a timeout, set the timeout field to an integer value of seconds, like this:

BUILD
python_test(name="tests", source="tests.py", timeout=120)

When you set timeout on the python_tests target generator, the same timeout will apply to every generated python_test target.

BUILD
python_tests(
    name="tests",
    overrides={
        "test_f1.py": {"timeout": 20},
        ("test_f2.py", "test_f3.py"): {"timeout": 35},
    },
)

You can also set a default value and a maximum value in pants.toml:

pants.toml
[test]
timeout_default = 60
timeout_maximum = 600

If a target sets its timeout higher than [test].timeout_maximum, Pants will use the value in [test].timeout_maximum.

Tip: temporarily ignoring timeouts

When debugging locally, such as with pdb, you might want to temporarily disable timeouts. To do this, set --no-test-timeouts:

$ pants test project/app_test.py --no-test-timeouts

Retries​

Pants can automatically retry failed tests. This can help keep your builds passing even with flaky tests, like integration tests.

[test]
attempts_default = 3

Test utilities and resources​

Test utilities​

Use the target type python_source for test utilities, rather than python_test.

To reduce boilerplate, you can use either the python_sources or python_test_utils targets to generate python_source targets. These behave the same, except that python_test_utils has a different default sources to include conftest.py and type stubs for tests (like test_foo.pyi). Use pants tailor :: to generate both these targets automatically.

For example:

# The default `sources` includes all files other than
# `!*_test.py`, `!test_*.py`, and `tests.py`, and `conftest.py`.
python_sources(name="lib")

# We leave off the `dependencies` field because Pants will infer
# it based on import statements.
python_tests(name="tests")

Assets​

Refer to Assets for how to include asset files in your tests by adding to the dependencies field.

It's often most convenient to use file / files and relocated_files targets in your test code, although you can also use resource / resources targets.

Testing your packaging pipeline​

You can include the result of pants package in your test through the runtime_package_dependencies field. Pants will run the equivalent of pants package beforehand and copy the built artifact into the test's chroot, allowing you to test things like that the artifact has the correct files present and that it's executable.

This allows you to test your packaging pipeline by simply running pants test ::, without needing custom integration test scripts.

To depend on a built package, use the runtime_package_dependencies field on the python_test / python_tests target, which is a list of addresses to targets that can be built with pants package, such as pex_binary, python_aws_lambda_function, and archive targets. Pants will build the package before running your test, and insert the file into the test's chroot. It will use the same name it would normally use with pants package, except without the dist/ prefix (set by the output_path field).

For example:

# This target teaches Pants about our non-test Python files.
python_sources(name="lib")

pex_binary(
    name="bin",
    entry_point="say_hello.py",
)

python_tests(
    name="tests",
    runtime_package_dependencies=[":bin"],
)

Coverage​

To report coverage using Coverage.py, set the option --test-use-coverage:

❯ pants test --use-coverage helloworld/util/lang_test.py

Or to permanently use coverage, set in your config file:

pants.ci.toml
[test]
use_coverage = true
Failure to parse files?

Coverage defaults to running with Python 3.6+ when generating a report, which means it may fail to parse Python 2 syntax and Python 3.8+ syntax. You can fix this by changing the interpreter constraints for running Coverage:

# pants.toml
[coverage-py]
interpreter_constraints = [">=3.8"]

However, if your repository has some Python 2-only code and some Python 3-only code, you will not be able to choose an interpreter that works with both versions. So, you will need to set up a .coveragerc config file and set ignore_errors = true under [report], like this:

# .coveragerc
[report]
ignore_errors = true

ignore_errors = true means that those files will simply be left off of the final coverage report.

(Pants should autodiscover the config file .coveragerc. See coverage-py.)

There's a proposal for Pants to fix this by generating multiple reports when necessary: https://github.com/pantsbuild/pants/issues/11137. We'd appreciate your feedback.

Coverage will report data on any files encountered during the tests. You can filter down the results by using the option --coverage-py-filter and passing the name(s) of modules you want coverage data for. Each module name is recursive, meaning submodules will be included. For example:

❯ pants test --use-coverage helloworld/util/lang_test.py --coverage-py-filter=helloworld.util
❯ pants test --use-coverage helloworld/util/lang_test.py --coverage-py-filter='["helloworld.util.lang", "helloworld.util.lang_test"]'
Set global_report to include un-encountered files

By default, coverage.py will only report on files encountered during the tests' run. This means that your coverage score may be misleading; even with a score of 100%, you may have files without any tests.

Instead, you can set global_report = true:

pants.toml
[coverage-py]
global_report = true

Coverage.py will report on all files it considers importable, i.e. files at the root of the tree, or in directories with a __init__.py file. It may still omit files in implicit namespace packages that lack __init__.py files. This is a shortcoming of Coverage.py itself.

Pants will default to writing the results to the console, but you can also output in HTML, XML, JSON, or the raw SQLite file:

pants.toml
[coverage-py]
report = ["raw", "xml", "html", "json", "console"]

You can change the output dir with the output_dir option in the [coverage-py] scope.

You may want to set [coverage-py].fail_under to cause Pants to gracefully fail if coverage is too low, e.g. fail_under = 70.

You may use a Coverage config file, e.g. .coveragerc or pyproject.toml. Pants will autodiscover the config file for you, and you can also set [coverage-py].config in your pants.toml to point to a non-standard location.

You must include relative_files = true in the [run] section for Pants to work:
.coveragerc
[run]
relative_files = true
branch = true

When generating HTML, XML, and JSON reports, you can automatically open the reports through the option --test-open-coverage.

JUnit XML results​

Pytest can generate JUnit XML result files. This allows you to hook up your results, for example, to dashboards.

To save JUnit XML result files, set the option [test].report, like this:

pants.toml
[test]
report = true

This will default to writing test reports to dist/test/reports. You may also want to set the option [pytest].junit_family to change the format. Run pants help-advanced pytest for more information.

Customizing Pytest command line options per target​

You can set PYTEST_ADDOPTS environment variable to add your own command line options, like this:

BUILD
python_tests(
    name="tests",
    ...
    extra_env_vars=[
        "PYTEST_ADDOPTS=-p myplugin --reuse-db",
    ],
    ...
)

Take note that Pants uses some CLI args for its internal mechanism of controlling Pytest (--color, --junit-xml, junit_family, --cov, --cov-report and --cov-config). If these options are overridden, Pants Pytest handling may not work correctly. Set these at your own peril!

Failures to collect tests​

pytest follows certain conventions for test discovery, so if no (or only some) tests are run, it may be worth reviewing the documentation. Pants can help you find test modules that would not be collected by pytest. For instance, pants tailor --check :: command would suggest creating targets for files that are not covered by glob expressions in your BUILD files (e.g. if a test module has a typo and is named tes_connection.py). You can also run pants --filter-target-type=python_test filedeps <test-dir>:: command to list all test files known to Pants and compare the output with the list of files that exist on disk.

If your tests fail to import the source modules, it may be due to the import mode used by pytest, especially if you are using namespace packages. Please review Choosing an import mode and pytest import mechanisms and sys.path/PYTHONPATH to learn more.